Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 115, p93-110, JUILLET-SEPTEMBRE 2001
Islam in the North Caucasus
Islam in the North Caucasus
"In the post-Soviet era the central issue in the topic “Islam in the Caucasus” has been perceived internationally as the conflict between Russia and Chechnya. This conflict, which escalated into a war, focussed the spotlight on the North Caucasus as the most critical region in the Russian Federation and brought with it reminders of the anti-colonial resistance put up by the Muslim mountain peoples in the 19th century against Russia’s advance into the region, resistance that in some regions had been maintained right through to the Soviet period. During the pre-national era this resistance had been based above all on Islam. In this regional context, the subject of “Islam in the North Caucasus” involves the ethno-cultural and religious relationships in the Caucasus, but beyond that the development of Islam in the Russian Federation." [more ...]
[The “Renaissance of Islam” in Russia] / [Islam in the North Caucasus] / [The religious history of the North Caucasus] / [The current development of Islam in the North Caucasus] / [Islam in Daghestan]
by Uwe Halbach
Abstract
North Caucasus (which is still a part of the Russian Federation) contains seven autonomous republics the population of which is more and more islamized as one goes from West to East: Adygeya, Karachevo-Cherkessia, Kanardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Daghestan. The last two ones, which are the most islamized, are studied in this paper in a comparative way. Chechnya has cultivated since the middle of the last century a tradition of resistance to Russian imperialism in the name of Islam, which has been reactivated in the last ten years in two wars opposing Chechen fighters to Moscow. However, the Chechen opulation is far from unanimous in supporting this holy war : only the southern part of Chechnya, called Ichkeria, is really mobilized against Russia, the northern part being ready for accommodation. Daghestan, where islamisation is much older and deeper, similarly refused to mobilize against Russia. The extent of the rebellion in this area has been exaggerated by Russian propaganda and Western media: the dramatic escalation in the Chechnya war is due more to the incompetence of the Russian authorities in dealing with the problem than to the combativeness of the local population.
North Caucasus (which is still a part of the Russian Federation) contains seven autonomous republics the population of which is more and more islamized as one goes from West to East: Adygeya, Karachevo-Cherkessia, Kanardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Daghestan. The last two ones, which are the most islamized, are studied in this paper in a comparative way. Chechnya has cultivated since the middle of the last century a tradition of resistance to Russian imperialism in the name of Islam, which has been reactivated in the last ten years in two wars opposing Chechen fighters to Moscow. However, the Chechen opulation is far from unanimous in supporting this holy war : only the southern part of Chechnya, called Ichkeria, is really mobilized against Russia, the northern part being ready for accommodation. Daghestan, where islamisation is much older and deeper, similarly refused to mobilize against Russia. The extent of the rebellion in this area has been exaggerated by Russian propaganda and Western media: the dramatic escalation in the Chechnya war is due more to the incompetence of the Russian authorities in dealing with the problem than to the combativeness of the local population.
Résumé
Le Caucase Nord (toujours partie intégrante de la Fédération de Russie) comprend sept républiques autonomes dont la population est, si l’on se déplace d’Ouest en Est, de plus en plus islamisée : République des Adyghéens, République de Karatchaevo-Tcherkessie, République de Kabardino-Balkarie, Ossetie du Nord, Inguchie, Tchétchénie et Daghestan. Les deux dernières, qui sont les plus islamisées, sont étudiées de façon comparative dans le présent article. La Tchétchénie a depuis un siècle et demi une tradition de résistance au pouvoir russe au nom de l’islam qui a été réactivée depuis 1990 au cours des deux guerres qui l’ont opposée à Moscou. Cet étendard de la guerre sainte est loin cependant de faire l’unanimité : seul le Sud montagneux, l’Ichkérie, est vraiment mobilisé contre la Russie, le Nord étant prêt à composer. Le Daghestan, plus anciennement et plus profondément islamisé, a aussi refusé de se mobiliser contre le pouvoir russe. L’étendue de la rébellion dans cette région a été exagérée par la propagande officielle russe et par nos media : le caractère dramatique de la guerre de Tchétchénie doit plus à l’incompétence de la Russie dans la gestion du conflit qu’à la combativité des population locales.
Resumen
El Cáucaso norte (aún parte integrante de la Federación Rusa) comprende siete repúblicas autónomas cuya población está, si nos desplazamos de Oeste a Este, cada vez más islamizada : República de Adigea, República de Karatchevo- Cherkessia, República de Kabardino- Balcaria, Ossetia del Norte, Ingushetia, Chechenia y Dagestán. Las dos últimas, las más islamizadas, son estudiadas de manera comparativa en el presente artículo. Chechenia tiene, desde hace un siglo y medio, una tradición de resistencia al poder ruso en nombre del Islam que ha sido reactivada desde 1990, durante las dos guerras que la enfrentaron a Moscú. La bandera de la guerra santa está lejos, sin embargo, de ser unánime : solo el sur montañoso, Ichkéria, está verdaderamente movilizado contra Rusia, mientras que el Norte está dispuesto a contemporizar. Dagestán, más profunda y antiguamente islamizado, también ha rechazado movilizarse contra el poder ruso. La extensión de la rebelión en esta región ha sido exagerado por la propaganda oficial rusa y por nuestros medios : el carácter dramático de la guerra de Chechenia debe más a la incompetencia de Rusia en la gestión del conflicto que a la combatividad de las poblaciones locales.
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